Patricia
Kuhl works in a laboratory, focusing on the first critical period of
development. And that is the time when babies try to control what sounds are
their language. They think by studying how the sound is learned, they have
models for other languages, and perhaps in critical times that may occur in
childhood for social, emotional, and cognitive development. So they have
studied these babies using the way we use around the world and the sounds of
all languages. These babies sit on her mother's lap and they train the baby
baby to turn when there is a change of voice, such as from "ah" to
"ee". If they do so at the appropriate time, this black box will be
bright and the panda bear will beat the drums. A six month old baby loves this
job.
In
her opinion Babies around the world can distinguish all sounds in all
languages. So the question that arises is when the world's population turns
into a restricted listener culturally like us? And the answer is, before the
age of 1 year What you see is the performance on the head turning work on the
tested babies in Tokyo and the United States, in Seattle when they hear
"ra" and "la" sounds that are important in English, but not
In Japanese. So at six to eight months these babies are really equal. Two
months later something extraordinary happened. The babies in the United States
became much better, the babies in Japan became much worse, but both groups of
babies were preparing for the language to learn.
There
are two things that happened during the critical period. The first is that
babies listen to us thoroughly, and they take statistical data when they hear
us speak. When babies listen, all they do is retrieve statistical data from the
language that the baby is listening. And what is learned is that babies are
sensitive to statistical data, and Japanese and English statistics are very
different. Distribution shows that English has many R and L. And the Japanese
distribution is completely different, when we see a bunch of average sounds.
Known as R in Japanese. So babies absorb statistical data from language and
change their brains; Transforming them from the inhabitants of the world into
culturally constrained listener like us. But we as adults no longer absorb this
statistical data. We are governed by memories in the memories formed at the
beginning of development.
Can
babies take statistical data from a new language? They tested it by describing
an American baby who had never heard a second language in Chinese for the first
time in this critical period. We know that, when single-language rulers are
tested in Taipei and Seattle with Chinese voices, they show the same pattern.
Baby six, eight months, really the same. Two months later, something extraordinary
happened. As Taiwan infants get better, American babies do not. What we are
doing is exposing American babies during this time with Mandarin. It's like
your Chinese relatives come to visit for a month and stay in your house and
talk to babies for 12 sessions. This is what's seen in the lab.
But
what happens to babies exposed to Mandarin for 12 sessions, they are just as
good as babies in Taiwan who have listened to them for 10 and a half months.
This suggests that babies take new language statistical data. Whatever is in
front of them, they take all the statistical data.
Through
a magnetoencephalography machine they can look into the brain and see this
happen when babies are in front of the television when dealing with adult
humans.
"This
is a small Emma. He's six months old. When the baby hears a word in his
language the hearing part is on and then the part surrounding it that we think
is related to coordination makes the brain coordinate with its different parts,
and as a result, one part of the brain causes the rest of the brain to be
active. "
With
this tool, children's brain development can be known, whether it's when they
feel emotions, as they learn to talk and read, as they work on math problems or
when they have ideas.
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